Close Menu
SUBSCRIBE
Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of skin cancer that arises from the uncontrolled growth of squamous cells in the epidermis—the outermost layer of the skin. Long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight is the main risk factor. Early detection and treatment can lead to positive outcomes for most patients.

What Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Squamous cell carcinoma (also called cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma) is the second most common type of skin cancer after basal cell carcinoma. It originates from squamous cells in the epidermis and most often develops on sun-exposed areas such as the scalp, face, ears, neck, arms, and legs. SCC can also occur on mucosal surfaces, such as inside the mouth, lungs, and anus.

Although SCC often affects only the top layer of skin, it may invade deeper tissues and metastasize to other parts of the body if left untreated.

Close-up of a squamous cell carcinoma lesion on the nose showing a crusted sore on sun-damaged skin.
A crusted lesion on the nose typical of squamous cell carcinoma, a common form of skin cancer caused by prolonged UV exposure.

Symptoms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Typical skin changes include:

  • Rough, scaly, red patches
  • Raised bumps or nodules resembling warts
  • Non-healing or recurrent sores
  • Pigment changes or brownish spots
  • Small firm nodules on the skin

When SCC develops on mucosal surfaces (mouth, anus, lungs), symptoms vary by site. For example, oral SCC may present as:

  • White or red patches in the mouth, gums, tongue, or cheeks
  • Persistent or recurrent mouth ulcers
  • Mouth pain
  • Difficulty speaking
  • Difficulty swallowing
Squamous cell carcinoma lesion on the oral mucosa showing white patchy tissue changes inside the mouth.
Squamous cell carcinoma can develop on mucosal surfaces such as inside the mouth.

Complications of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Untreated SCC can cause local destruction, pain, itching, infection, disfigurement, and psychological distress. Advanced cases may metastasize to lymph nodes or distant organs, leading to serious complications.

When to See a Doctor

Consult a physician if you notice any suspicious skin changes—new lumps, changing moles, or non-healing sores. Annual skin checks with a dermatologist are recommended. Discuss any treatment-related side effects such as pain, bleeding, or itching with your doctor promptly.

Causes of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mutations in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene are considered a major cause of SCC. The most common trigger for p53 mutations is UV radiation from sunlight or indoor tanning beds. When p53 is mutated, squamous cells lose their normal growth control, divide uncontrollably, and form tumors.

Hand reaching toward bright sunlight, symbolizing ultraviolet (UV) exposure from the sun, a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma.
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight can increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.

Risk Factors for Squamous Cell Carcinoma

SCC can affect anyone, but certain groups are at higher risk:

  • Gender and age: More common in men and people over 50; risk rises significantly after age 65.
  • Sun exposure: Prolonged UV exposure or early-life sun damage increases risk.
  • Skin type: Fair-skinned individuals with light eyes and blonde or red hair are more susceptible.
  • Immunosuppression: People with weakened immune systems (e.g., after organ transplantation) have higher risk.
  • Chemical exposure: Smoking, arsenic exposure, and alcohol use (especially for oral SCC) increase risk.
Illustration showing different skin tones of a woman, highlighting that fair-skinned individuals have a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
People with fair skin have a higher risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma.

Diagnosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Your doctor may recommend:

  • Skin biopsy: A small tissue sample is examined under a microscope to confirm SCC.
  • Imaging (CT or MRI): Used to measure tumor size and check for spread to lymph nodes or other organs.

Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Treatment depends on tumor size, shape, location, and stage. Common methods include:

  • Cryosurgery (liquid nitrogen freezing)
  • Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
  • Curettage and electrocautery
  • Excisional surgery
  • Mohs micrographic surgery
  • Systemic chemotherapy

If surgery is not appropriate, topical agents such as imiquimod or immune-based therapies like pembrolizumab may be prescribed.

Lifestyle and Prevention Tips

During and after treatment:

Exercise: Gentle physical activity under medical guidance to maintain health and mood.

Scheduled checkups: Follow your doctor’s schedule for regular examinations.

Skin care: Protect your skin from UV damage with sunscreen and moisturizers.

Mental support: Engage in stress-reducing activities such as yoga, meditation, or support groups.

Medication adherence: Take all prescribed medications as directed.

Monitoring tests: Complete follow-up imaging or blood tests as instructed to detect recurrence early.

Woman wearing a sun hat and applying sunscreen on her face to protect skin from sun exposure and reduce the risk
Avoid excessive sun exposure to reduce the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.

Nutrition:

A balanced, nutrient-rich diet supports recovery. Limit high-sugar and saturated-fat foods. For oral SCC, consult a doctor or dietitian for guidance, especially if eating is difficult after treatment.

Prevention:

  • Avoid excessive sun exposure.
  • Do not use tanning beds.
  • Use broad-spectrum sunscreen outdoors.
  • Wear protective clothing, hats, and UV-blocking sunglasses.
  • Quit smoking.
  • Use protective gear when handling harmful chemicals.

Dr. Andrew Parker is a board-certified internal medicine physician with over 10 years of clinical experience. He earned his medical degree from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and has worked at leading hospitals including St. Mary’s Medical Center. Dr. Parker specializes in patient education and digital health communication. He now focuses on creating clear, accessible, and evidence-based medical content for the public.

Related Posts